APEC’s 2025 agenda – themed Connect, Innovate, Prosper – highlights AI as a key regional trade and sustainability engine. Member economies are accelerating cross-border e-commerce and “digital corridors” with AI tools, while modernizing smart ports and automated customs to streamline logistics. For example, AI-enabled systems at container terminals optimize crane scheduling
Overview: Kazakhstan’s Refined Fuel Production Kazakhstan is a major hydrocarbon producer, pumping about 90 million tons of crude oil in 2023 (a 6.9% increase from 2022). It has three large domestic refineries – Atyrau, Pavlodar, and Shymkent – and a smaller Caspi Bitum plant in Aktau. After a series of
Executive Summary Past economic crises—from the 1930s Great Depression to the 2020 COVID-19 shock—show that swift, bold policy responses often make the difference between recovery and prolonged stagnation. Proactive fiscal and monetary stimulus (e.g. FDR’s New Deal, post-2008 ARRA) reflate demand and restore confidence, while delaying
